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Part of: Synthesis digital library of engineering and computer science.

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Includes bibliographical references (p. 103).

1. Evaporative cooling -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Commercial and industrial refrigeration: HVAC -- 1.3 Industry: water cooling methods -- 1.3.1 Evaporative towers and dry coolers -- 1.3.2 Health considerations -- 1.3.3 Installation costs --

2. Evaporative towers applications -- 2.1 Typical applications -- 2.2 Production plants -- 2.3 Planning new plants -- 2.4 Alteration of pre-existing plants --

3. Evaporative towers installation -- 3.1 General criteria -- 3.2 Winter operation -- 3.3 Temperature adjustment and control -- 3.4 Capacity adjustment and control --

4. Evaporative towers building criteria -- 4.1 Sumps -- 4.2 Natural draught towers -- 4.3 Mechanical draught towers -- 4.4 Fans position and type -- 4.5 Corrosion issue and material selection -- 4.6 Sample mode --

5. Operating principle -- 5.1 Thermodynamics technical notes -- 5.1.1 First law of thermodynamics -- 5.1.2 Humidity -- 5.1.3 Enthalpy -- 5.1.4 Specific enthalpy and specific heat of an air-vapor mixture -- 5.1.5 Psychrometric diagram -- 5.2 Operation of evaporative towers --

6. Water behavior and treatment in evaporative towers -- 6.1 Cooling loops -- 6.1.1 Insoluble salts build-up -- 6.1.2 Biological growth -- 6.1.3 Corrosion -- 6.1.4 Mud -- 6.1.5 Foam formation -- 6.2 Chemical cleaning systems -- 6.3 Water preventive treatment -- 6.4 Preventive remedies -- 6.5 Conclusions --

7. Zero-dimensional model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Description of the model of a counterflow evaporative tower -- 7.3 Adapting the zero-dimensional model to the actual process -- 7.4 Outlet air conditions -- 7.5 Illustration of results -- 7.6 Verification of results -- 7.7 Operating simulation of an evaporative tower under various circumstances --

8. Zero-dimensional model application -- 8.1 Calculation of C&n -- 8.2 Calculation of outlet conditions -- 8.3 Calculation of outlet air according to water temperature rise -- 8.4 Final considerations --

9. Numerical analysis -- 9.1 Derivation of the equations -- 9.2 Numerical analysis graphic presentation --

10. Numerical solution methods -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Euler method -- 10.3 Runge-Kutta method -- 10.4 Methods numerical stability --

11. One-dimensional model application -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Solution method -- 11.3 Results analysis --

12. Conclusions -- A. VBA numerical code -- References -- Authors' biographies.

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The aim of this book is to supply valid and reasonable parameters in order to guide the choice of the right model of industrial evaporative tower according to operating conditions which vary depending on the particular industrial context: power plants, chemical plants, food processing plants and other industrial facilities are characterized by specific assets and requirements that have to be satisfied. Evaporative cooling is increasingly employed each time a significant water flow at a temperature which does not greatly differ from ambient temperature is needed for removing a remarkable heat load; its aim is to refrigerate a water flow through the partial evaporation of the same. Often industrial processes require cooling machines or applications capable to remove the heat absorbed during working cycles. Evaporative cooling is the only transformation which is not directly implemented in conditioning systems and, facing high amounts of heat loads one needs to consider the presence of thermal sources which, in nature, act as best receptors for high energy fluxes: atmospheric air, rivers, lakes and sea water. Furthermore it is widely known that, given equivalent thermodynamic conditions, water-cooled exchangers prove more compact and less costly than air-cooled ones. Also, it is important to consider that the necessary quantity of natural water may not be always available for several reasons: physical absence of considerable amounts of water and presence of laws which safeguard the hydrologic environment are the most recurring circumstances that one has to face. In such cases the only solution is a system able to cool continuously re-circulating water. The evaporative tower is precisely the particularly efficient type of exchanger able to realize such a thermodynamic cycle.

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